Skip Navigation Links.
Collapse <span class="m110 colortj mt20 fontw700">Volume 12 (2024)</span>Volume 12 (2024)
Collapse <span class="m110 colortj mt20 fontw700">Volume 11 (2023)</span>Volume 11 (2023)
Collapse <span class="m110 colortj mt20 fontw700">Volume 10 (2022)</span>Volume 10 (2022)
Collapse <span class="m110 colortj mt20 fontw700">Volume 9 (2021)</span>Volume 9 (2021)
Collapse <span class="m110 colortj mt20 fontw700">Volume 8 (2020)</span>Volume 8 (2020)
Collapse <span class="m110 colortj mt20 fontw700">Volume 7 (2019)</span>Volume 7 (2019)
Collapse <span class="m110 colortj mt20 fontw700">Volume 6 (2018)</span>Volume 6 (2018)
Collapse <span class="m110 colortj mt20 fontw700">Volume 5 (2017)</span>Volume 5 (2017)
Collapse <span class="m110 colortj mt20 fontw700">Volume 4 (2016)</span>Volume 4 (2016)
Collapse <span class="m110 colortj mt20 fontw700">Volume 3 (2015)</span>Volume 3 (2015)
Collapse <span class="m110 colortj mt20 fontw700">Volume 2 (2014)</span>Volume 2 (2014)
Collapse <span class="m110 colortj mt20 fontw700">Volume 1 (2013)</span>Volume 1 (2013)
Journal of Business and Management Sciences. 2020, 8(1), 28-37
DOI: 10.12691/JBMS-8-1-5
Original Research

Can International Standards Discriminate the Corporate Social Responsibility/Irresponsibility? Empirical Evidence from Taiwan

Chih-Hung Chen1 and Chiu-Ming Hsiao2,

1National Institute of Development Administration, Bangkok, Thailand

2Department of Finance, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan, R.O.C.

Pub. Date: March 15, 2020

Cite this paper

Chih-Hung Chen and Chiu-Ming Hsiao. Can International Standards Discriminate the Corporate Social Responsibility/Irresponsibility? Empirical Evidence from Taiwan. Journal of Business and Management Sciences. 2020; 8(1):28-37. doi: 10.12691/JBMS-8-1-5

Abstract

Existing studies have provided numerous guidelines for the implementation of corporate social responsibility (CSR). However, business leaders have been either confused or reluctant to take action largely due to the complicated process of applying CSR. To alleviate this problem, this study examined whether international standards can be considered a benchmark tool to implement CSR. Based on a literature review, four key dimensions that construct CSR were accountability, competitiveness, transparency, and responsibility, while the four main characteristics of international standards were auditing effectiveness, reputation establishment, information symmetry, and consumer awareness. The hypothesized model depicted that certification systems of International Standard (IS) sufficiently reflected the four dimensions of CSR. The results obtained from a discriminant analysis showed that international standards helped stakeholders distinguish between companies with and without CSR goals; in turn, these standards could be regarded as a feasible and optimal tool for companies to demonstrate their commitment to CSR.

Keywords

corporate social responsibility, irresponsibility, international standards, discriminant analysis

Copyright

Creative CommonsThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References

[1]  Dahlsrud, A., “How Corporate Social Responsibility is Defined: An Analysis of 37 Definitions,” Corporate Social Responsibility & Environmental Management, 15 (1). 1-13, Jan./Feb. 2008.
 
[2]  Steurer, R., Martinuzzi, A., and Margula, S., “Public Policies on CSR in Europe: Themes, Instruments, and Regional Differences,” Corporate Social Responsibility & Environmental Management, 19(4). 206-227, Jul./Aug. 2012).
 
[3]  Melo, T. and Garrido-Morgado, A., “Corporate Reputation: A Combination of Social Responsibility and Industry,” Corporate Social Responsibility & Environmental Management, 19(1). 11-31, Jan./Feb. 2012.
 
[4]  Hall, J. and Vredenburg, H., “Sustainable Development Innovation and Competitive Advantage: Implications for Business, Policy and Management Education,” Corporate Sustainability: Governance, Innovation Strategy, Development and Methods, 6(2). 129-140, Jun. 2004.
 
[5]  Halbritter, G. and Dorfleitner, G., “The Wages of Social Responsibility — Where Are They? A Critical Review of ESG Investing,” Review of Financial Economics, 26. 25-35, Sep. 2015.
 
[6]  Kassinis, G. and Vafeas, N., “Stakeholder Pressures and Environmental Performance,” Academy of Management Journal, 49(1). 145-159, Feb. 2006.
 
[7]  Daza, J.R.P., “A Valuation Model for Corporate Social Responsibility,” Social Responsibility Journal, 5(3). 284-299, Jul. 2009.
 
[8]  Rummel, R. J., Understanding Conflict and War: Vol. 2: The Conflict Helix. Sage Publications Inc., Beverly Hills, California, 1975.
 
[9]  Jørgensen, T.H., Remmen, A., and Mellado, M.D., “Integrated Management Systems—Three Different Levels of Integration,” Journal of Cleaner Production, 14(8). 713-722, Jun. 2006.
 
[10]  Camilleri, M.A., “Measuring the Corporate Managers’ Attitudes towards ISO’s Social Responsibility Standard,” Total Quality Management and Business Excellence, 30(13-14). 1549-1561, Nov. 2019.
 
[11]  Hsiao, C.M., “Can Corporate Social Responsibility Factor explain the Cross-sectional Variation of Stock Returns? Evidence from the Taiwan Stock Market,” Ph.D. Dissertation, National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan, R.O.C., Jul. 2019.
 
[12]  Cashore, B., “Legitimacy and the Privatization of Environmental Governance: How Non-State Market-Driven Governance Systems Gain Rule Making Authority,” Governance, 15(4). 503-529, Mar. 2002.
 
[13]  Christmann, P. and Taylor, G., “Firm Self-regulation through International Certifiable Standards: Determinants of Symbolic versus Substantive Implementation,” Journal of International Business Studies, 37(6). 863-878, Nov. 2006.
 
[14]  Potoski, M. and Prakash, A., “Green Clubs and Voluntary Governance: ISO 14001 and Firms’ Regulatory Compliance,” American Journal of Political Science, 49(2). 235-248, Apr. 2005.
 
[15]  Rojas-Suarez, L., “Towards Strong and Stable Capital Markets in Emerging Market Economies,” Washington DC: Center for Global Development, CGD Policy Paper 042. 1-10, May 2014.
 
[16]  Chen, X.Y. and Chiang, C., “Stock Returns and Economic Forces—An Empirical Investigation of Chinese Markets,” Global Finance Journal, 30. 45-65, May 2016.
 
[17]  Chiang, C. and Chen, X.Y., “Stock Returns and Economic Fundamentals in an Emerging Market: An Empirical Investigation of Domestic and Global Market Forces,” International Review of Economics and Finance, 43. 107-120, May 2016.
 
[18]  Bekaert, G.J. and Hodrick, R.J., International Financial Management, 3rd Edition, Cambridge University Press, 2017, Part III.
 
[19]  Madura, J., International Financial Management, 12th Edition, Cengage Learning, 2014, Chapter 1.
 
[20]  Eiteman, D.K., Stonehill, A.I., and Moffett, M.H., Multinational Business Finance, 14th Edition. Pearson Series in Finance, 2015, Chapter 1.
 
[21]  Eun, C. and Resnick, B.G., International Financial Management, 7th Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2014, Chapter 4.
 
[22]  Mizen, P., “The Credit Crunch of 2007-2008: A Discussion of the Background, Market Reactions, and Policy Responses,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, 90(5). 531-567, Oct. 2008.
 
[23]  Brunnermeier, M. K., “Deciphering the Liquidity and Credit Crunch 2007–2008,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 23(1). 77-100, Winter 2009.
 
[24]  Mahdavi, J. and Moore, G.O., “There Is So Little Research Done on Small Business Corporate Social Responsibility. Why?” Journal of Academic and Business Ethics, 10(1). 1-5, Apr. 2017.
 
[25]  Wilson, E., “Social Responsibility of Business: What Are the Small Business Perspectives?” Journal of Small Business Management, 18(3). 17-24, Jul. 1980.
 
[26]  Lindkvist, L. and Llewellyn, S., “Accountability, Responsibility and Organization,” Scandinavian Journal of Management, 19(2). 251-273, Jun. 2003.
 
[27]  Margolis, J.D. and Walsh, J.P., “Misery Loves Companies: Rethinking Social Initiatives by Business,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 32(3). 925-945, Jun. 2003.
 
[28]  Moir, L., “What Do We Mean by Corporate Social Responsibility?” Corporate Governance, 1(2). 16-22, Jun. 2001.
 
[29]  Valor, C., “Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Citizenship: Towards Corporate Accountability,” Business and Society Review, 110(2). 191-212, Jun. 2005.
 
[30]  United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), Corporate Social Responsibility: Implications for Small and Medium Enterprises in Developing Countries, United Nations, Vienna, Austria, Oct. 2002.
 
[31]  Skýpalová, R., Kučerová, R., and Blašková, V., “Development of the Corporate Social Responsibility Concept in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises,” Prague Economic Papers, 25(3). 287-303, 2016.
 
[32]  Spence, L.J., “Small Business Social Responsibility: Expanding Core CSR Theory,” Business & Society, 55(1). 23-55, Jan. 2016.
 
[33]  Jorge, M.L., Madueño, J.H., Sancho, M.P L., and Martínez-Martínez, D., “Development of Corporate Social Responsibility in Small and Medium-sized Enterprises and its Nexus with Quality Management,” Cogent Business & Management, 3(1). Article: 1228569. Jan. 2016.
 
[34]  Elliot, B., Docherty, P., Easton, S., and Lee, D.W., “Profitability and Investment‐Based Factor Pricing Models,” Accounting and Finance, 58(2). 397-421, Jun. 2018.
 
[35]  Skaar, C. and Fet, A.M., “Accountability in the Value Chain: From Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) to CSR Product Declaration,” Corporate Social Responsibility & Environmental Management, 19(4). 228-239, Jul./Aug. 2012.
 
[36]  Kolk, A., “Sustainability, Accountability and Corporate Governance: Exploring Multinationals’ Reporting Practices,” Business Strategy & the Environment, 17(1). 1-15, Jan. 2008.
 
[37]  Wood, J.A. and Winston, B.E., “Development of Three Scales to Measure Leader Accountability,” Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 28(2). 167-185, Mar. 2007.
 
[38]  O’Neill, S. and Deegan, C., “The GRI’s Sustainability Reporting Guidelines: Promoting Accountability to Stakeholders or Institutionalizing Corporate Social PR?” In Proceedings of the 2011 Accounting & Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand (AFAANZ) Conference, Melbourne, Australia, 2-5 July, 2011.
 
[39]  Porter, M.E. and Kramer, M.R., “Strategy & Society: The Link between Competitive Advantage and Corporate Social Responsibility,” Harvard Business Review, 84(12). 78-92, Jan. 2007.
 
[40]  Luo, X.M. and Bhattacharya, C.B., “Corporate Social Responsibility, Customer Satisfaction, and Market Value,” Journal of Marketing, 70(4): 1-18. Oct. 2006.
 
[41]  Marín, L., Rubio, A., and Maya, S.R., “Competitiveness as a Strategic Outcome of Corporate Social Responsibility,” Corporate Social Responsibility & Environmental Management, 19(6). 364-376, Apr. 2012.
 
[42]  Rodriguez-Fernandez, M., “Social Responsibility and Financial Performance: The Role of Good Corporate Governance,” Business Research Quarterly, 19(2). 137-151, Apr.-Jun. 2016.
 
[43]  Rindova, V.P., Williamson, I.O., Petkova, A.P., and Sever, J.M., “Being Good or Being Known: An Empirical Examination of the Dimensions, Antecedents, and Consequences of Organizational Reputation,” Academy of Management Journal, 48(6). 1033-1049, Dec. 2005.
 
[44]  Yu, H.C., Kuo, L.P., and Kao, M.F., “The Relationship between CSR Disclosure and Competitive Advantage,” Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, 8(5). 547-570, Nov. 2017.
 
[45]  Morgan, R.M. and Hunt, S.D., “The Commitment-Trust Theory of Relationship Marketing,” Journal of Marketing, 58(3). 20-38, Jul. 1994.
 
[46]  Bushman, R.M., Piotroski, J.D., and Smith, A.J., “What Determines Corporate Transparency?” Journal of Accounting Research, 42(2). 207-252, May 2004.
 
[47]  Wright, S., Sheedy, E., and Magee, S., “International Compliance with New Basel Accord Principles for Risk Governance,” Accounting and Finance, 58(1). 279-311, Mar. 2018.
 
[48]  Schons, L. and Steinmeier, M., “Walk the Talk? How Symbolic and Substantive CSR Actions Affect Firm Performance Depending on Stakeholder Proximity,” Corporate Social Responsibility & Environmental Management, 23(6). 358-372, Nov./Dec.2015.
 
[49]  Cormier, D. and Magnan, M., “The Economic Relevance of Environmental Disclosure and its Impact on Corporate Legitimacy: An Empirical Investigation,” Business Strategy & the Environment, 24(6). 431-450, Sep. 2013.
 
[50]  Martínez-Ferrero, J., Ruiz-Cano, D., and García-Sánchez, I.M., “The Causal Link between Sustainable Disclosure and Information Asymmetry: The Moderating Role of the Stakeholder Protection Context,” Corporate Social Responsibility & Environmental Management, 23(5). 319-332, Apr. 2016.
 
[51]  Waddock, S., Bodwell, C., and Graves, S.B., “Responsibility: The New Business Imperative,” Academy of Management Executive, 16(2). 132-148, May 2002.
 
[52]  McWilliams, A. and Siegel, D., “Corporate Social Responsibility: A Theory of the Firm Perspective,” Academy of Management Review, 26(1). 117-127, Jan. 2001.
 
[53]  Bansal, P. and Hunter, T., “Strategic Explanations for the Early Adoption of ISO 14001,” Journal of Business Ethics, 46(3). 289-299, Sep. 2003.
 
[54]  Waddock, S., “What Will It Take to Create a Tipping Point for Corporate Responsibility?” In The Accountable Corporation, Epstein M. and Hanson, K.O. (Eds.). Greenfield, CT. Praeger, 2006, 75-96.
 
[55]  Terlaak, A. and King, A.A., “The Effect of Certification with the ISO 9000 Quality Management Standard: A Signaling Approach,” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 60(4). 579-602, Aug. 2006.
 
[56]  Roberts, P.W. and Dowling, G.R., “Corporate Reputation and Sustained Superior Financial Performance,” Strategic Management Journal, 23(12). 1077-1093, Sep. 2002.
 
[57]  Darnall, N., “Why Firms Mandate ISO 14001 Certification,” Business and Society, 45(3). 354-381, Sep. 2006.
 
[58]  Conroy, M.E., “Can Advocacy-Led Certification Systems Transform Global Corporate Practices? Evidence and Some Theory,” PERI Working Paper, No. 21. Jan. 2003.
 
[59]  Cooper, R. and Ross, T., “Prices, Product Qualities and Asymmetric Information: The Competitive Case,” The Review of Economic Studies, 51(2). 197-208, Apr. 1984.
 
[60]  Christmann, P. and Taylor, G., Globalization and the Environment: Strategies for International Voluntary Initiatives. Academy of Management Executive, 16(3). 121-135, Aug. 2002.
 
[61]  Marette, S., “Minimum Safety Standard, Consumers’ Information and Competition,” Journal of Regulatory Economics, 32(3). 259-285, Jul. 2007.
 
[62]  King, A.A., Lenox, M.J., and Terlaak, A, “The Strategic Use of Decentralized Institutions: Exploring Certification with the ISO 14001 Management Standards,” Academy of Management Journal, 48(6). 1091-1106, Dec. 2005.
 
[63]  Bjorner, T.B., Hansen, L.G., and Russell, C.S., “Environmental Labeling and Consumers’ Choice—An Empirical Analysis of the Effect of the Nordic Swan,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 47(3). 411-434, May 2004.
 
[64]  Hsiao, C.M., Lai, P.R., Sun, L.Y., and Tsai, Y.J., “The Location Advantages and Persistence of the Performance for the Taiwan Logistic Company: A Case Study,” Cogent Business & Management, 5(1). Article: 1422961, Jan. 2018.
 
[65]  Child, J., Organizational Structure, Environment and Performance —The Role of Strategic Choice. In Strategy: Critical Perspective on Business and Management, David Faulkner (Eds.). Taylor and Francis, 1, 1972, 114-136.
 
[66]  Fridriksson, I., “Code of Good Practices on Transparency in Monetary and Financial Policies: Declaration of Principles,” International Monetary Fund (IMF), 1999.
 
[67]  Murray, K.B. and Vogel, C.M., “Using a Hierarchy-of-Effects Approach to Gauge the Effectiveness of Corporate Social Responsibility to Generate Goodwill toward the Firm: Financial versus non-Financial Impacts,” Journal of Business Research, 38(2). 141-159, Feb. 1997.
 
[68]  Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., Anderson, R.E., and Tatham, R.L., Multivariate Data Analysis (6th Ed.). Pearson Education International, New Jersey, 2006.
 
[69]  Byrne, B.M., Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 2001.
 
[70]  Meyers, L.S., Gamst, G., and Guarino, A.J., Applied Multivariate Research: Design and Interpretation. Sage Publications, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA. 2006.
 
[71]  Fornell, C. and Larcker, D., “Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error,” Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1). 39-50, Feb. 1981.
 
[72]  Chin, W.W., The Partial Least Squares Approach to Structural Modeling. In Modern Methods for Business Research. Marcoulides, G.A. (Eds.). London: Erlbaum Associates, 1998, 295-336.