Skip Navigation Links.
Collapse <span class="m110 colortj mt20 fontw700">Volume 12 (2024)</span>Volume 12 (2024)
Collapse <span class="m110 colortj mt20 fontw700">Volume 11 (2023)</span>Volume 11 (2023)
Collapse <span class="m110 colortj mt20 fontw700">Volume 10 (2022)</span>Volume 10 (2022)
Collapse <span class="m110 colortj mt20 fontw700">Volume 9 (2021)</span>Volume 9 (2021)
Collapse <span class="m110 colortj mt20 fontw700">Volume 8 (2020)</span>Volume 8 (2020)
Collapse <span class="m110 colortj mt20 fontw700">Volume 7 (2019)</span>Volume 7 (2019)
Collapse <span class="m110 colortj mt20 fontw700">Volume 6 (2018)</span>Volume 6 (2018)
Collapse <span class="m110 colortj mt20 fontw700">Volume 5 (2017)</span>Volume 5 (2017)
Collapse <span class="m110 colortj mt20 fontw700">Volume 4 (2016)</span>Volume 4 (2016)
Collapse <span class="m110 colortj mt20 fontw700">Volume 3 (2015)</span>Volume 3 (2015)
Collapse <span class="m110 colortj mt20 fontw700">Volume 2 (2014)</span>Volume 2 (2014)
Collapse <span class="m110 colortj mt20 fontw700">Volume 1 (2013)</span>Volume 1 (2013)
Journal of Business and Management Sciences. 2021, 9(4), 156-164
DOI: 10.12691/JBMS-9-4-2
Original Research

The Influence of Environmental Awareness on Intent to Use Electric Scooters: Perspectives Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior

Cheng Mei Tung1, and Shu-Hsun Ho2

1Department of International Business, Feng Chia University, Taichung City, Taiwan

2Department of Business Administration, Providence University, Taichung City, Taiwan

Pub. Date: November 19, 2021

Cite this paper

Cheng Mei Tung and Shu-Hsun Ho. The Influence of Environmental Awareness on Intent to Use Electric Scooters: Perspectives Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior. Journal of Business and Management Sciences. 2021; 9(4):156-164. doi: 10.12691/JBMS-9-4-2

Abstract

Consumers’ concerns about the protection of the environment affect their consumption. People in Asian countries generally choose two-wheels scooters for commuting, because they are relatively inexpensive and convenient. Although electric scooters have entered the market with an emphasis on environmental responsibility, their market penetration is still low, and there has been little research on this topic. This study attempts to explore university students’ intent to use electric scooters by using the theory of planned behavior and supplemented with environmental awareness variable in Taiwan. Overall, 500 questionnaires were collected and analyzed using the structure equation model. The results show that environmental awareness has a significant effect on students' attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. Attitude is the strongest predictor of the intent to use electric scooters. The results provide guidance for companies and policy makers to refine further strategy on the marketing of electric scooters.

Keywords

environmental awareness, intent to use, Theory of Planned Behavior, electric scooters, attitude

Copyright

Creative CommonsThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References

[1]  Maichum, K., Parichatnon, S., & Peng, K.-C. (2016). Application of the Extended Theory of Planned Behavior Model to Investigate Purchase Intention of Green Products among Thai Consumers. Sustainability, 8(10), 1-20.
 
[2]  Chen, T. B., & Chai, L. T. (2010). Attitude towards the environment and green products: Consumers’ perspective. Management Science and Engineering, 4(2), 27-39.
 
[3]  Joshi, Y., & Rahman, Z. (2015). Factors Affecting Green Purchase Behaviour and Future Research Directions. International Strategic Management Review, 3(1), 128-143.
 
[4]  Carrus, G., Passafaro, P., & Bonnes, M. (2008). Emotions, habits and rational choices in ecological behaviours: The case of recycling and use of public transportation. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 28(1), 51-62.
 
[5]  Mahmud, S. N. D., & Osman, K. (2010). The determinants of recycling intention behavior among the Malaysian school students: an application of theory of planned behaviour. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 9, 119-124.
 
[6]  Sun, Y., Liu, N., & Zhao, M. (2019). Factors and mechanisms affecting green consumption in China: A multilevel analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 209, 481-493.
 
[7]  Vermeir, I., & Verbeke, W. (2006). Sustainable food consumption: Exploring the consumer “Attitude – Behavioral Intention” gap. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 19(2), 169-194.
 
[8]  Guerra, E. (2017). Electric vehicles, air pollution, and the motorcycle city: A stated preference survey of consumers’ willingness to adopt electric motorcycles in Solo, Indonesia. Transportation Research Part D, 68, 52-64.
 
[9]  Chen, Han.-S., Chen, Chia.-Y., Chen, Han.-K., & Hsieh, T. (2012). A study of relationships among green consumption attitude, perceived risk, perceived value toward hydrogen-electric motorcycle purchase intention. AASRI Procedia, 2, 163-168.
 
[10]  Eccarius, T., & Lu, C.-C. (2020). Adoption intentions for micro-mobility – Insights from electric scooter sharing in Taiwan. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 84, 102327.
 
[11]  MOTC. (2021, August 13). Motorcycle user socio-economic background overview. Topic statistical analysis. Retrieved September 20, 2021, from https://www.motc.gov.tw/en/index.jsp.
 
[12]  MOTC. (2017, October 31). Motorcycle user survey and analysis. Survey summary analysis. Retrieved May 20, 2019, from https://www.motc.gov.tw/ch/home.jsp?id=56&parentpath=0,6&mcustomize=statistics101.jsp&qyear=2017.
 
[13]  Costa, E., Montemurro, D., & Giuliani, D. (2018). Consumers’ willingness to pay for green cars: a discrete choice analysis in Italy. Environment, Development and Sustainability.
 
[14]  Pereira, G. I., da Silva, P. P., & Soule, D. (2018). Policy-adaptation for a smarter and more sustainable EU electricity distribution industry: a foresight analysis. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 20(1), 231-267.
 
[15]  Rezvani, Z., Jansson, J., & Bodin, J. (2015). Advances in consumer electric vehicle adoption research: A review and research agenda. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 34, 122-136.
 
[16]  Wikipedia. (2021, September 19). Electric motorcycles and scooters. In Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_motorcycles_and_scooters&oldid=1045218007.
 
[17]  Kan, C. W., Chow, C. Y. T., Thangtham, U., Yabdee, S., Yulek, A., & Mongkholrattanasit, R. (2017). Exploring the relationship between brand green image, environmental performance and consumer green consciousness and purchase intention of fashion products. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 866, 425-432.
 
[18]  Kim, H. Y., & Chung, J. (2011). Consumer purchase intention for organic personal care products. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 28(1), 40-47.
 
[19]  Swaim, J., Maloni, M., Napshin, S., & Henley, A. (2014). Influences on student intention and behavior toward environmental sustainability. Journal of Business Ethics, 124(3), 465-484.
 
[20]  Eccarius, T., & Lu, C.-C. (2020). Powered two-wheelers for sustainable mobility: A review of consumer adoption of electric motorcycles. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 14(3), 215-231.
 
[21]  Huang, F.-H. (2021). Influence of Environmental Information on Users’ Purchase Intentions for Electric Two-Wheelers. In Intelligent Human Systems Integration 2021 (pp. 447-453). Presented at the International Conference on Intelligent Human Systems Integration, Palermo, Italy: Springer.
 
[22]  Wu, J.-H., Wu, C.-W., Lee, C.-T., & Lee, H.-J. (2015). Green purchase intentions: An exploratory study of the Taiwanese electric motorcycle market. Journal of Business Research, 68(4), 829-833.
 
[23]  Jones, L. R., Cherry, C. R., Vu, T. A., & Nguyen, Q. N. (2013). The effect of incentives and technology on the adoption of electric motorcycles: A stated choice experiment in Vietnam. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 57, 1-11.
 
[24]  Hume, M. (2010). Compassion without action: Examining the young consumers consumption and attitude to sustainable consumption. Journal of World Business, 45(4), 385-394.
 
[25]  Yadav, R., & Pathak, G. S. (2017). Determinants of consumers’ green purchase behavior in a developing nation: Applying and extending the Theory of Planned Behavior. Ecological Economics, 134, 114-122.
 
[26]  Yazdanpanah, M., & Forouzani, M. (2015). Application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour to predict Iranian students’ intention to purchase organic food. Journal of Cleaner Production, 107, 342-352.
 
[27]  Chen, M.-F., & Tung, P.-J. (2014). Developing an extended Theory of Planned Behavior model to predict consumers’ intention to visit green hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 36, 221-230.
 
[28]  Leelapattana, W., Hsu, S.-Y., Thongma, W., Chen, C., & Chiang, F.-M. (2019). Understanding the impact of environmental education on tourists’ future visit intentions to leisure farms in mountain regions. Sustainability, 11(6), 1-13.
 
[29]  Leeuw, A. de, Valois, P., Ajzen, I., & Schmidt, P. (2015). Using the theory of planned behavior to identify key beliefs underlying pro-environmental behavior in high-school students: Implications for educational interventions. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 42, 128-138.
 
[30]  Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. MA: Addison-Wesley. Retrieved from http://people.umass.edu/aizen/f&a1975.html.
 
[31]  Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In J. Kuhl & J. Beckmann (Eds.), Action control: From cognition to behavior (pp. 11-39). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
 
[32]  Fielding, K. S., McDonald, R., & Louis, W. R. (2008). Theory of planned behaviour, identity and intentions to engage in environmental activism. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 28(4), 318-326.
 
[33]  Paul, J., Modi, A., & Patel, J. (2016). Predicting green product consumption using theory of planned behavior and reasoned action. Journal of Retailing & Consumer Services, 29, 123-134.
 
[34]  Treloar, J. A., Tidwell, D. K., Williams, R. D., Buys, D. R., Oliver, B. D., & Yates, J. (2017). Applying Theory of Planned Behavior to energy drink consumption in community college students. American Journal of Health Studies, 32(1), 35-47.
 
[35]  Bamberg, S. (2003). How does environmental concern influence specific environmentally related behaviors? A new answer to an old question. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23(1), 21-32.
 
[36]  Yadav, R., & Pathak, G. S. (2016). Young consumers’ intention towards buying green products in a developing nation: Extending the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Cleaner Production, 135, 732-739.
 
[37]  Yadav, R., & Pathak, G. S. (2016). Young consumers’ intention towards buying green products in a developing nation: Extending the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Cleaner Production, 135, 732-739.
 
[38]  Xu, X., Wang, S., & Yu, Y. (2020). Consumer’s intention to purchase green furniture: Do health consciousness and environmental awareness matter? Science of The Total Environment, 704, 135275.
 
[39]  Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1977). Attitude-Behavior Relations: A Theoretical Analysis and Review of Empirical Research. Psychological Bulletin, 84(5), 888-918.
 
[40]  Han, H., Hsu, L.-T., & Sheu, C. (2010). Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior to green hotel choice: Testing the effect of environmental friendly activities. Tourism Management, 31(3), 325-334.
 
[41]  Tsen, C.-H., Phang, G., Hasan, H., & Buncha, M. R. (2006). Going green: A study of consumers’ willingness to pay for green products in Kota Kinabalu. International Journal of Business and Society, 7(2), 40-54.
 
[42]  Joshi, Y., & Rahman, Z. (2015). Factors affecting green purchase behaviour and future research directions. International Strategic Management Review, 3(1), 128-143.
 
[43]  Taylor, S., & Todd, P. (1995). Assessing IT usage: The role of prior experience. MIS Quarterly, 19(4), 561-570.
 
[44]  Baker, E. W., Al-Gahtani, S. S., & Hubona, G. S. (2007). The effects of gender and age on new technology implementation in a developing country: Testing the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Information Technology & People, 20(4), 352-375.
 
[45]  Han, H., & Kim, Y. (2010). An investigation of green hotel customers’ decision formation: Developing an extended model of the theory of planned behavior. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(4), 659-668.
 
[46]  Abbad, M. M., Morris, D., & de Nahlik, C. (2019). Looking under the Bonnet: Factors affecting student adoption of e-learning systems in Jordan. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 10(2), 1-25.
 
[47]  Terry, D. J., Hogg, M. A., & White, K. M. (1999). The theory of planned behaviour: self-identity, social identity and group norms. The British Journal of Social Psychology, 38(3), 225-244.
 
[48]  Desmet, P., & Hekkert, P. (2007). Framework of product experience. International Journal of Design, 1(1), 10.
 
[49]  Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.
 
[50]  Li, H., Daugherty, T., & Biocca, F. (2002). Impact of 3-D advertising on product knowledge, brand attitude, and purchase intention: The mediating role of presence. Journal of Advertising, 31(3), 43-57.
 
[51]  Maichum, K., Parichatnon, S., & Peng, K.-C. (2016). Application of the Extended Theory of Planned Behavior Model to Investigate Purchase Intention of Green Products among Thai Consumers. Sustainability, 8(10), 1-20.
 
[52]  Amoah, A., Hughes, G., & Pomeyie, P. (2018). Environmental consciousness and choice of bulb for lighting in a developing country. Energy, Sustainability and Society, 8(1).
 
[53]  Bradley, J. C., Waliczek, T. M., & Zajicek, J. M. (1999). Relationship Between Environmental Knowledge and Environmental Attitude of High School Students. The Journal of Environmental Education, 30(3), 17-21.
 
[54]  Laureti, T., & Benedetti, I. (2018). Exploring pro-environmental food purchasing behaviour: An empirical analysis of Italian consumers. Journal of Cleaner Production, 172, 3367-3378.
 
[55]  Safari, A., Salehzadeh, R., Panahi, R., & Abolghasemian, S. (2018). Multiple pathways linking environmental knowledge and awareness to employees’ green behavior. Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, 18(1), 81-103.
 
[56]  Burgess, J., Harrison, C. M., & Filius, P. (1998). Environmental communication and the cultural politics of environmental citizenship. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 30(8), 1445-1460.
 
[57]  Choi, D., & Johnson, K. K. P. (2019). Influences of environmental and hedonic motivations on intention to purchase green products: An extension of the theory of planned behavior. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 18, 145-155.
 
[58]  Jang, S. Y., Chung, J. Y., & Kim, Y. G. (2015). Effects of environmentally friendly perceptions on customers’ intentions to visit environmentally friendly restaurants: An extended Theory of Planned Behavior. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 20(6), 599-618.
 
[59]  Fu, L., Sun, Z., Zha, L., Liu, F., He, L., Sun, X., & Jing, X. (2020). Environmental awareness and pro-environmental behavior within China’s road freight transportation industry: Moderating role of perceived policy effectiveness. Journal of Cleaner Production, 252, 119796.
 
[60]  Kikuchi-Uehara, E., Nakatani, J., & Hirao, M. (2016). Analysis of factors influencing consumers’ proenvironmental behavior based on life cycle thinking. Part I: effect of environmental awareness and trust in environmental information on product choice. Journal of Cleaner Production, 117, 10-18.
 
[61]  Straughan, R. D., & Roberts, J. (1999). Environmental segmentation alternatives: a look at green consumer behavior in the new millennium. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 16(6), 558-575.
 
[62]  Xu, L., Prybutok, V., & Blankson, C. (2018). An environmental awareness purchasing intention model. Industrial Management &amp; Data Systems.
 
[63]  Kim, Y., Yun, S., & Lee, J. (2014). Can Companies Induce Sustainable Consumption? The Impact of Knowledge and Social Embeddedness on Airline Sustainability Programs in the U.S. Sustainability, 6(6), 3338-3356.
 
[64]  Mostafa, M. M. (2007). Gender differences in Egyptian consumers’ green purchase behaviour: the effects of environmental knowledge, concern and attitude. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 31(3), 220-229.
 
[65]  Jang, Y. J., Kim, W. G., & Bonn, M. A. (2011). Generation Y consumers’ selection attributes and behavioral intentions concerning green restaurants. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(4), 803-811.
 
[66]  Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling, 3rd ed. New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.
 
[67]  Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (Fourth Edition.). New York: Guilford Press. Retrieved from https://www.guilford.com/books/Principles-and-Practice-of-Structural-Equation-Modeling/Rex-Kline/9781462523344.
 
[68]  Anderson, J., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423.
 
[69]  Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Anderson, R. L. R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (6th Edition.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
 
[70]  Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. McGraw-Hill.
 
[71]  Chin, W. W., Gopal, A., & Salisbury, W. D. (1997). Advancing the theory of adaptive structuration: The development of a scale to measure faithfulness of appropriation. Information Systems Research, 8(4), 342-367.
 
[72]  Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74-94.
 
[73]  Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
 
[74]  Bentler, P. M. (2006). EQS 6 structural equations program manual. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software, Inc. Retrieved from http://www.econ.upf.edu/~satorra/CourseSEMVienna2010/EQSManual.pdf.
 
[75]  Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903.
 
[76]  Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2004). A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). New Jersey: Lawrance Erlbaum associates, Inc.
 
[77]  Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Newbury Park: Sage publications.
 
[78]  Hartmann, P., & Apaolaza-Ibáñez, V. (2012). Consumer attitude and purchase intention toward green energy brands: The roles of psychological benefits and environmental concern. Journal of Business Research, 65(9), 1254-1263.
 
[79]  Kumar, B. (2012). Theory of planned behaviour approach to understand the purchasing behaviour for environmentally sustainable products. AHMEDABAD: IIMA Working Papers WP2012-12-08, Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, Research and Publication Department. Retrieved from file:///Users/justine/Zotero/storage/EFN3CL29/264239114 _Theory_of_Planned_Behaviour_Approach_to_Understand_the_Purchasing_Behaviour_for_Envir.html.
 
[80]  Chan, R. Y. K., & Lau, L. B. Y. (2001). Explaining green purchasing behavior: A cross-cultural study on American and Chinese consumers. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 14(2-3), 9-40.
 
[81]  Kumar, B., Manrai, A. K., & Manrai, L. A. (2017). Purchasing behaviour for environmentally sustainable products: A conceptual framework and empirical study. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 34(C), 1-9.
 
[82]  Kim, Y., & Choi, S. M. (2005). Antecedents of green purchase behavior: An examination of collectivism, environmental concern, and pce. ACR North American Advances, NA-32. Retrieved from http://acrwebsite.org/volumes/9156/volumes/v32/NA-32.
 
[83]  Kollmuss, A., & Agyeman, J. (2002). Mind the gap: Why do people act environmentally and what are the barriers to pro-environmental behavior? Environmental Education Research, 8(3), 239-260.
 
[84]  Heckman, J. J. (2010). Selection bias and self-selection. In S. N. Durlauf & L. E. Blume (Eds.), Microeconometrics (pp. 242-266). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
 
[85]  King, M. F., & Bruner, G. C. (2000). Social desirability bias: A neglected aspect of validity testing. Psychology and Marketing, 17(2), 79-103.